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It is stated that Star Trek characters can talk freely with aliens using the universal translators, later built-in their com badges; but is it also mentioned somewhere how this device is supposed to work?

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And a related question: how does the universal translator get the alien's lips to move in sync with the English translation? – Wikis Feb 1 '11 at 21:09
The lip sync thing is an obvious loop hole in any SciFi film/TV and it's easy to find various ludicrous conceits but it doesn't stop me enjoying the thing. Suspension of disbelief is required for most SciFi – kenneedham Oct 21 '11 at 10:58
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This is the kind of question that, if you ask the creators, they'll just answer "It works well enough, thank you." – MPelletier Oct 24 '11 at 3:41
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6 Answers

up vote 12 down vote accepted

it isn't consistent. The existence of this tech is almost always a way to explain away the problem of inter-species communication. One ST:TNG episode, Darmok goes deeper. And I would watch that one if you are interested in a deeper understanding on inter-species communication. And it is the one episode that explains, in detail, what the universal translator really does. It sees patterns in language and identifies the other words that the alien words mean. However it doesn't understand metaphor.

It is basically magic.

Like Mike Scott says, the alternative is every episode being about learning a new language. The show would have been about language, not what the show is about now.

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Well, Darmok explains how it translates, and this is only a tip of an iceberg; for instance, how does it deliver the translated from English message to the alien? How the user receives the alien words? – mbq Jan 12 '11 at 12:59
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There is a DS9 episode where Quark goes back in time. Forget which. That talks about a small implant in the ear. – DampeS8N Jan 12 '11 at 13:09
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you mean the classic "Little Green Men", including a scene with Quark, Rom and Nog hitting themselves on the ear to try to reset the malfunctioning UT. – AAT Jan 18 '11 at 23:19
@AAT: That's the one – DampeS8N Jan 18 '11 at 23:25
That is only for the Frangi, I remember hearing that the "intercom" medallion does UT translation using the com system. – Justin Apr 28 '11 at 16:55
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up vote 9 down vote

In Star Trek: Enterprise you view various clues to how the translator is built. Hoshi Sato, supposed linguistic genuis, meets various alien races, and builds up the translator by adding in alien grammers combined with a speech processor and voice samples of the aliens language.

The translator would use AI, probably artifical, and similar to what is available in Google translate, (but much better, as it's set in fictional universe, but close it will be in this time frame) from a starting point, take a speech sample from the new alien, and use different search algorithms to match, on different alien database to find a similar or close matching grammer. From the grammer, the speech processor can take the grammer and enunciate possible speech patterns that the new aliens may understood, and by iterating down the search tree, zero in on a closer, possible better match, as they get more speech back from the alien.

But it would break, if non of the grammer was even a close match. Imagine two alien species seperated by say, 2000 light years. Their speech would be a different as basque, say one of those languages on earth, where you click the tongue, like tagalog.

Very similar to the way IBM recent computer match against the Jeopardy winners would works. Using search algorithms to map broken down question terms to possible answers.

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re "it would break, if non of the grammer was even a close match" -- there is a DS9 episode (Sanctuary) where a new species comes through the wormhole and because their language is so different the UT initially cannot cope, but over the course of the episode starts to 'learn' it. So it is shown to "break" but not permanently. – AAT Jan 18 '11 at 23:24
Of course. A voice pattern that didn't match, they be back scratching their .... in puzzlement. – scope_creep Jan 19 '11 at 1:01
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up vote 4 down vote

In the Darmok episode of TNG, we get an insight into how it works.

Essentially, when encountering a new language, the universal translator takes samples of the new language and compares to known languages, and slowly builds up a database of words and phrases. In the episode linked, the UT has trouble understanding the alien language because they speak mostly in metaphors.

See also Universal translator for a more in-depth explanation, and more examples of episodes which feature the UT.

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I was thinking about this episode as well. It also shows the translators shortcomings. It managed to translate words, but not the actual meanings. – Teknophilia Jan 29 '11 at 16:46
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up vote 2 down vote

You might as well just think of it as magic. Like many other devices in Star Trek (e.g. the transporter), it's there for plot reasons rather than being based on any kind of scientific or technological extrapolation. In the case of the universal translator, it's so that they don't have to spend the first half of every episode with aliens on basic language lessons.

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Ok, that's why the question is about possible references. – mbq Jan 12 '11 at 13:01
Many references describe how the UT works, in its base what is known is the UT uses syntax translation. Tries with not much luck on undiscovered syntax's. I agree its a plot device, but Star Trek has tried to explain it many times, in varies episodes, across literary work. – Justin Apr 28 '11 at 17:05
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up vote 1 down vote

The same way that most codes are broken in real life. It would search for frequently repeated words and sounds, and figure out what words would be used with the same frequency in the host language. Star Trek Corps of Engineers explained it a little more than in the series.

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up vote 1 down vote

Copied from my answer in If there are universal translators, how do people talk in other languages?

From http://en.memory-alpha.org/wiki/Universal_translator (Which got it from TOS 2x02: Metamorphosis)

Responding to Zefram Cochrane's question about the theory of operation, Kirk explained that there are certain universal ideas and concepts common to all intelligent life, and that the translator compared the frequencies of brainwave patterns, selected those ideas it recognized, and provided the necessary grammar. Kirk further explained that the device spoke with a voice, or the approximation of one, that corresponded to the identity concepts it recognized.

Since it's already scanning brainwaves, presumably it can also detect intent (whether you want to be understood or not), and decide whether or not to translate as appropriate.

Plus my comment on that answer, addressing Darmok and similar languages

You're assuming their brainwave patterns were similar to general humanoids.... Like how Betazoid's can't read Ferengi because of their brain structure, there's a good chance the UT couldn't correctly interpret the Darmok aliens' thoughts because it had nothing like that to compare to.

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