Per the Star Wars: Absolutely Everything You Need to Know factbook
"R2-D2 talks in binary, a language of beeps and whistles"
It's also mentioned in the junior novelisations for Force Awakens and the prequel novel along with one of the books in the Star Wars: Rebels series.
The lead TIE cracked, then flared, then just wasn’t there anymore. He broke to his right, yanking back on the stick. BB-8 sang a burst of binary, and then Poe was behind a second TIE.
and
She grabbed her staff from the walker, then ran out into the desert, heading toward the sound. It repeated, the same tone at a precise rate. Binary, from the sound of it. The language of droids.
and
Ezra spun around. Kanan stood in the doorway with Hera and Chopper behind him. The droid snickered in binary. Ezra frowned. He should’ve known better than to wander around with the droid in the ship. Chopper had ratted him out. And Kanan did not seem happy to find him in his quarters.