The power discharge that changechanged her is coming from a broken lightspeedlight speed engine, harnessing power from the space stoneSpace Stone while the stoneStone is contained in the Tessaract. The end result of this is clearly that the energy Carol is hit by is changed in some way so as not to be fatal. There is plenty of precedent in the MCU for tools and containers allowing safe(r) handling of infinity stonesInfinity Stones, e.g. Loki's staffScepter, the Eye of AggamottoAgamotto and even the gauntlet itself.
ItsIt's also worth noting that her power comes from the space stoneSpace Stone, but it isn't the power of the space stoneSpace Stone. She still has her power after the space stoneSpace Stone is destroyed, and she doesn't appear to be able to teleport (a rather obvious canonical power of the space stoneSpace Stone).