Although we learn in chapter 15 of Deathly Hallows that Snape sent the fake sword to Gringotts, it's not stated how this was accomplished. (See p. 289 (Arthur Levine 13th ed. hardback.) The information is conveyed through an conversation among Griphook and Hogwarts classmates isin the forest, overheard by in-hiding Harry, Hermione, and Ron.) Generally, it seems that because any item (such as a sorcerer's stone or cup) can be carried into Gringotts to be placed in a vault, Bellatrix could very well have carried the sword herself into her vault (although this is merely a reader's speculation).