Since the question didn't specify supernatural abilities and powers; and since Batman is universally considered a Superhero with merely amazing intellect and technology, there are plenty of 19th century examples.
If you exclude ancient mythology:
(1844) Arguably, the Comte of Monte-Cristo may qualify (Batman equivalent - super billionair fighting bad guys, using his wits and sometimes technology, with an alter ego).
(1882) Captain Nemo certainly qualifies (he's Jules Verne's equivaleneven closer equivalent of BatmanBatman; supergenius and rich son of Rajas with futuristic technology).
(1897) Abraham Van Helsing also may qualify. He even had a supervillain to match (Dracula).
(1919) Zorro is also Batman mould.