The story I'm looking for takes place several years after the police/FBI have developed technology allowing them to create a non-fatal but debilitating disease that is specific to a particular person - when DNA is found at a crime scene, the disease is created and spread (usually in just the city where the crime took place) and the authorities then just wait until the criminal shows up at a hospital. We hear these details from a police or FBI agent who is explaining them to a museum curator - several famous artworks have been stolen and the curator wants action. Normally, this would be what the agent calls a "sterile crime," with no DNA, but during a recent break-in the thief cut himself and left blood behind. The problem is that after the disease has been spread, no one turns themselves in, so now there's the concern that a mastermind has found a way around the new technique.
It turns out that there is a new technique - using the same technology that keeps paintings safe from environmental contamination, the criminal has been able to avoid the disease. I think that the curator ends up being kidnapped - but the police then could use him as a disease vector. I've been able to find a couple of very promising excerpts of the story, by searching for "sterile crime" and "Analog" but not the story itself.