This sounds like _The Vaults of Yoh-Vombis_, by Clark Ashton Smith.  Set on Mars.  Some archaeologists investigate a dead Martian city.  They're puzzled by the wall carvings showing Martians reacting in horror to other Martians who seem to be wearing strange turbans (which are actually the parasites).  They continue exploring, and of course release the parasites.

https://books.google.com/books?id=xMioBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT115&dq=ashton-smith+vaults+of+yoh-vombis&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi2nOeDrv_WAhUH6yYKHZFsBC8Q6AEINjAC#v=onepage&q=ashton-smith%20vaults%20of%20yoh-vombis&f=false