I am not sure it is really the case that conventions are disproportionately common in California. There are many conventions in small cities throughout the US (for example, Radcon is in the semiurban middle of Washington). But those tend to target a mostly local audience. So there is a selection bias - you mostly hear about the huge conventions, and those tend to be in the largest cities because that is where the most people are. California is the most populous state in the nation.
In addition to that, conventions with a focus on television, film, or interactive sci-fi tend to be near Los Angeles because most of the production happens here and it's easier to get actors and creatives to come to the cons.
addendum: There are also some logistical benefits to doing cons in Los Angeles, San Francisco, and San Diego specifically - there's a lot of large convention centers and hotels, etc. Most cities can't easily absorb 15,000 visitors all arriving at once.