In the Voyager episode "Blink of an Eye" the crew finds a planet where time passes much more quickly than the rest of the universe.
SEVEN: For each second that passes on Voyager, nearly a day goes by on the planet.
Some basic maths suggests that a century on the planet would last around 10 hours in Voyager's timeframe. Given that the rate of advancement seen in the episode is broadly similar to Earth civilizations, within a week of sending the first spacecraft to meet Voyager the planet's technology would be a millennia more advanced than the Federation's.
It's possible that, for example, being unable to easily exchange ideas and technology with the rest of the galaxy due to the different flow of time may limit the rate at which the planet develops compared to others. Is any canon explanation ever given?