This is "Dust Rag" by Hal Clement; it's in Asimov's anthology Where Do We Go From Here, among other places.
This review mentions the static electricity and dust
Life & death situation happens when they instinctively wipe their
transparent space suit plastic in front of their eyes, as the vision
begins getting unexpectedly blurred by haze. Only, the wiping with
space suit sleeve seems to stick the dust to surface in front of their
eyes rather than remove it! They are quickly blinded. And no hope of
rescue: "there isn't enough fuel on the Moon to get a rescue tractor
out here, even if anyone knew we were in trouble & could make the trip
in time."
But why cannot they wipe their faceplates? "Whenever two materials rub
against each other, electrons come loose... Unless the materials are
of identical electronic makeup, which for practical purposes means
unless they are the same substance, one of them will hang onto the
electrons a little - or a lot - better than the other, so one will
have a negative net charge & the other a positive one. It's our
misfortune that the difference between the plastic in our faceplates &
that in the rest of the suits is the wrong way; when we rubbed the
two, the faceplates picked up a charge opposite to that of the
surrounding dust - probably negative, since I suppose the dust is
positive & a transparent material should have a good grip on its
electrons."