Stand-alone novel with clones, re-populating Earth, lunar base and apocalypse, probably hard SF

Question

I have a question regarding 1 book I have read but can't re-read as I don't remember its author and title. I can't find it using Google and some databases. I don't think I'll ask for another books so I'm not registered. Sorry if it's against the rules here. Also - I'm Polish and have read that book translated and it's possible its original and Polish titles are very different so finding its author could be helpful. Sorry for all the potential mistakes, my English is average.

What I remember: It's similar to Baxter's Evolution in some aspects, that it includes a super volcano that explodes and destroys whole continents and all humans on the surface plus animals and plants. It covers thousands of years while Evolution more like millions and leads to a kind of machine intelligence - but in my missing book there's only organic intelligence.

What else, some people travel to a lunar base when the volcano explodes and it's maybe 10 or less individuals. One leaves behind his wife and unborn child and later develops depression and PTSD as he couldn't save them and tries to kill himself or kills himself. Turns out the remaining people must clone themselves as they get old and sick (radiation or effects of poisons and gases they inhaled in the last moments on the planet, or something similar). Many generations of clones live and die in that base and some go to Earth and try to re-populate it and bring some samples of animals and plants stored in magazines of their base but every attempt can't succeed as the planet is in bad condition. Then the base becomes dangerous as they no longer have spare parts and metals they need to make spare parts and last clones must go back. Only then they see a planet with animals and plants evolved from original animals we know. Turns out one of previous generations of clones spread life on the planet but their communicators got destroyed and they couldn't notify their fellow clones on the moon. Some children of the clones on the surface survived and had children who evolved and created another population of neo-Earthlings and they had some legends about "gods" living in heaven and inside the moon that one day will return to their children that is people on the surface.

It's possible I remember multiple books glued together. It wasn't a part of a series but a stand-alone book or it was a part of a series but only 1 part available in my country.

Answer 1

Terraforming Earth by Jack Williamson looks like it has some similar elements.

When a giant meteor crashes into the earth and destroys all life, the small group of human survivors manage to leave the barren planet and establish a new home on the moon. From Tycho Base, men and woman are able to observe the devastated planet and wait for a time when return will become possible.

Generations pass. Cloned children have had children of their own, and their eyes are raised toward the giant planet in the sky which long ago was the cradle of humanity. Finally, after millennia of waiting, the descendants of the original refugees travel back to a planet they've never known, to try and rebuild a civilization of which they've never been a part.

The fate of the earth lies in the success of their return, but after so much time, the question is not whether they can rebuild an old destroyed home, but whether they can learn to inhabit an alien new world--Earth.

A sfsignal.com review describes its "Agents of the Moon" section as:

yet another generation of clones survey a still-older Earth to find that a previous (and briefly mentioned) generation’s expedition was successful in setting up a new society. Interestingly, the society is made up of believers (the Regents) and doubters (the Scienteers).