A passenger aboard a STL starship is thrown overboard when the ship hits an asteroid fragment at relativistic speed and explodes. He survives thanks to his spacesuit, an AI and autodoc-equipped piece of clarketech which is probably smarter than he is but his trajectory is random enough that rescue efforts fail to find him. He spends the rest of his life adrift and after he dies, the AI goes a bit crazy and starts using the autodoc's sterilization equipment to selectively breed his gut microbes with the intention of recreating something sentient, eventually successfully.
The story wasn't part of Robert Reed's Great Ship series, although Mere's life in that series was similar, nor was it Stephen Baxter's FUBAR Suit. The story was written in english and published in an anthology of short scifi stories.