Same planet transporters obviously exist and are used by at least military personnel on Earth and it is likely a similar process on other planets in the Federation. The technology for transporter use is highly developed, safe and expedient for certain members of the Federation, particularly military, diplomatic officials and scientists.**
Mass transportation is theoretically possible
Planetary transporter use would probably not be common due to the number of people needing to travel on any given day and the number of transporters available to any particular area. Coordination of such resources would be quite fantastic and while theoretically possible given the state of Alpha Quadrant technology we have no signs of massive transporter hubs in use serving major metropolitan areas so it is likely a variety of technologies and social processes reduce the amount of traffic in modern Federation cities.
Technology supporting Federation Infrastructure
Planetary ground travel does not get shown much in the Federation. The Federation appears to build most of its facilities using design principles that support walking between locations. This would be better for both the health of their citizens and better for the environment. There does appear to still be traffic particularly on the Golden Gate Bridge near Federation headquarters. We can infer, some sort of motorized wheeled vehicles are still in use. With the development of high capacity shuttlecraft and other effective flying vehicles, high speed, point to point travel can be done with a minimum of fuss. This would not be as fast as a transporter, of course, but certainly still faster than anything we can accomplish today.
So with that in mind we can assume:
Ground travel is still used likely by people who have someplace they need/want to be (remember, people work because they want to, not because they need to.) It is still likely to be the least energy-intensive way of moving massive materials.
Given the capabilities of computing, I suspect virtuality (the creation of shared virtual environments) probably prevents much of the traffic common to our world today. People would use virtual environment for interaction and conferencing. Since they would be extremely high-fidelity, it would be just like being in the same place.
Vehicles being designed with another 200 years of technology are likely clean, automated and produce limited environmental effects. Using computers to control such vehicles, traffic could be coordinated to move a huge population, nearly effortlessly in comparison to modern methods.
So people who are transporting places are likely to be people with either a limited amount of time or a specialized need to be somewhere in a timely fashion. (scientists, doctors, military personnel, 'Businessmen/Entrepreneurs') It makes sense, priority would be the logical factor in determining how the limited transporter availability would be assigned.
Since energy to power the transporter, availability of open/accessible transporters and the computing power to support them would be the limiting factors, perhaps 'transporter credits' are how the available 'bandwidth' for transporting personnel is allocated among for those who desire to use transporters for low priority use.
Unlimited Energy of the Federation
Yes, I understand that energy in the Federation is virtually limitless with the effective use of geothermal, solar, wind, impulse (radioactive) power, and dilithium crystals used for controlled antimatter annihilation but having nearly limitless power and controlling how that power is used would still be a factor in the Federation future.
Dilithium is still a commodity resource and use of the transporter is one of the most energy intensive uses of power outside of weapons activity. In order to remain a power in the galaxy, I would suspect the Federation and likely other Alpha Quadrant races reserve dilithium for their ship and fleet activities, utilizing other energy modes planet-side where possible.