What is the parentage of Gil-galad?

Question

In The Silmarillion, we're told that Gil-galad is the son of Fingon, son of Fingolfin:

Great was the lamentation in Hithlum when the fall of Fingolfin became known, and Fingon in sorrow took the lordship of the house of Fingolfin and the kingdom of the Noldor; but his young son Ereinion (who was after named Gil-galad) he sent to the Havens.

^{The Silmarillion III Quenta Silmarillion Chapter 20: "Of the Fifth Battle: Nirnaeth Arnoediad"}

But this (handsome) answerer claims that Gil-galad is actually descended from Finarfin, brother of Fingolfin. What gives?

What is Gil-galad's actual ancestry, and why the discrepancy here?

• Bonus question: what's up with Orodreth's history? The Silmarillion tells us that he was the son of Finarfin:

  The sons of Finarfin were Finrod the faithful (who was afterwards named Felagund, Lord of Caves), Orodreth, Angrod, and Aegnor

  ^{The Silmarillion III Quenta Silmarillion Chapter 5: "Of Eldamar and the Princes of the Eldalië"}

  But the answer I linked to above claims that he's the son of Angrod, which makes him Finarfin's grandson

^{This question was inspired by a comment made by chepner on my answer here. I was challenged to provide some clarification on statements I'd made about Gil-galad's parentage, which conflict with The Silmarillion. Because this is a rather complicated topic, I decided it would be better to post a reference question}

Answer 1

The short version is that Tolkien changed his mind on the subject repeatedly; at various points in the progression, Gil-galad has been descended from:

• Fëanor
• Finrod
• Fingon
• Orodreth, Finarfin's grandson, which is another complicated story I'll cover in this answer

Descendant of Fëanor

This is how Gil-galad was first devised; he appears this way in the second version of the Fall of Númenor (emphasis mine):

And it is said that in Beleriand there arose a king, who was of Númenórean race, and he was named Elendil, that is Elf-friend. And he took counsel with the Elves that remained in Middle-earth (and these abode then mostly in Beleriand); and he made a league with Gil-galad the Elf-king who was descended from Fëanor.

^{History of Middle-earth V The Lost Road and Other Writings Part 1: "The Fall of Númenor and the Lost Road" Chapter II "The Fall of Númenor" (iii) The second version of The Fall of Númenor §13}

However, this version wouldn't last for long.

Son of Felagund

In the next version of the tale, Gil-galad's lineage has already been changed; he's now the son of Inglor Felagund (later renamed Finrod), first son of Finarfin (who, at the time of the draft, is named Finrod; emphasis mine):

But that land where Lúthien had dwelt remained, and it was called Lindon. A gulf of the sea came through it, and a gap was made in the Mountains through which the River Lhun flowed out. But in the land that was north and south of the gulf the Elves remained, and Gil-galad son of Felagund son of Finrod was their king.

^{History of Middle-earth V The Lost Road and Other Writings Part 1: "The Fall of Númenor and the Lost Road" Chapter II "The Fall of Númenor" (iv) The further development of The Fall of Númenor}

Son of Fingon

The descent from Finrod (Felagund) became a problem, though, when Finrod was later determined to have had no wife, which makes it hard for a good Catholic Elf to have a son. This comes up in the Grey Annals, written in 1951:

About this time it is recorded that Nargothrond was full-wrought, and Finrod's sons were gathered there to a feast and Galadriel came from Doriath and dwelt there a while. Now King Inglor Felagund had no wife, and Galadriel asked him why that was; but foresight came upon Felagund as she spoke, and he said: 'An oath I too shall swear, and must be free to fulfil it and go into darkness. Nor shall anything of all my realm endure that a son should inherit.'

But it is said that not until that hour had such cold thoughts ruled him; for indeed she whom he had loved was Amarië of the Vanyar, and she was not permitted to go with him into exile.

^{History of Middle-earth XI The War of the Jewels Part 1: "The Grey Annals" §108-109}

Tolkien's solution to this problem was to shift Gil-galad to be the son of Finrod's cousin Fingon:

Then in great sorrow Fingon took the lordship of the house of Fingolfin and the kingdom of the Noldor. [Late pencilled addition: But his young son (?Findor) [sic] Gilgalad he sent to the Havens]

^{History of Middle-earth XI The War of the Jewels Part 1: "The Grey Annals" §157}

Son of Orodreth

The reasoning behind Tolkien's decision to shift Gil-galad once again, this time making him the son of Orodreth (Finarfin's grandson and Finrod's nephew), is unrecorded so far as I know. Christopher Tolkien only notes that it was written on a small note in the Elvish genealogies:

In an isolated note found within the genealogies, scribbled at great speed but nonetheless dated, August 1965, my father suggested that the best solution to the problem of Gil-galad's parentage was to find him in 'the son of Orodreth', who is here given the Quenya name of Artaresto, and continued:

Finrod left his wife in Valinor and had no children in exile. Angrod's son was Artaresto, who was beloved by Finrod and escaped when Angrod was slain [in the Battle of the Sudden Flame], and dwelt with Finrod. Finrod made him his 'steward' and he succeeded him in Nargothrond. His Sindarin name was Rodreth (altered to Orodreth because of his love of the mountains.... His children were Finduilas and Artanaro = Rodnor later called Gil-galad. (Their mother was a Sindarin lady of the North. She called her son Gil-galad.) Rodnor Gil-galad escaped [the sacking of Nargothrond] and eventually came to Sirion's Mouth and was King of the Noldor there.

^{History of Middle-earth XII The Peoples of Middle-earth Chapter 11: "The Shibboleth of Fëanor" The Parentage of Gil-galad}

As Christopher Tolkien notes later in the same commentary, this seems to have been Tolkien's final word on the subject.

Why is he Fingon's son in The Silmarillion?

This was an editorial choice on the part of Christopher Tolkien, and one that he later regretted.

Part of the problem is that Tolkien made this decision relatively late in his writings, and never got around to incorporating it into his drafts of the Quenta Silmarillion, as Christopher Tolkien notes:

There can be no doubt that this [the 1965 note above] was my father's last word on the subject; but nothing of this late and radically altered conception ever touched the existing narratives, and it was obviously impossible to introduce it into the published Silmarillion. It would nonetheless have been very much better to have left Gil-galad's parentage obscure.

^{History of Middle-earth XII The Peoples of Middle-earth Chapter 11: "The Shibboleth of Fëanor" The Parentage of Gil-galad}

No other explanation is given, but this is just one of the many small challenges Christopher Tolkien faced in trying to adapt his father's notes into a relatively coherent narrative; considering The Silmarillion was published just four years after Tolkien's death, mistakes and omissions of this sort were inevitable.

Okay, so what about Orodreth?

Orodreth's textual history follows a similar pattern to Gil-galad's; his parentage shifted as it gradually became incompatible with other emerging facts of the Legendarium. Christopher Tolkien summarizes the changes quite concisely in The Peoples of Middle-earth:

Put as concisely as possible, Finrod (Felagund) was first given a son named Artanaro Rhodothir (so contradicting the story in the Grey Annals that he had no wife) the second King of Nargothrond, and father of Finduilas. Thus 'Orodreth' was now moved down a generation, becoming Finrod's son rather than his brother. In the next stage my father (recalling, apparently, the story in the Grey Annals) noted that Finrod 'had no child (he left his wife in Aman)', and moved Artanaro Rhodothir to become, still in the same generation, the son of Finrod's brother Angrod (who with Aegnor held the heights of Dorthonion and was slain in the Battle of Sudden Flame).

^{History of Middle-earth XII The Peoples of Middle-earth Chapter 11: "The Shibboleth of Fëanor" The Parentage of Gil-galad}

Which one is right?

This question gets at the heart of what it means for something in Tolkien's Legendarium to be "canon," something I've written about before, and admitted as a problem with no good solution.

For my part, I'm inclined to accept Tolkien's "last word on the subject," and say that Gil-galad was the son of Orodreth. In addition to being Tolkien's last state of mind, which gives it a certain legitimacy over an idea he had and then rejected, it introduces a pleasantly agnatic consistency to the succession of the High Kingship of the Noldor. And I'm all about bringing consistency to lines of succession.

For what it's worth, it does seem as though the final parentage is the most consistent with Tolkien's thoughts; the only alternative with as much internal consistency is the notion that Gil-galad was the son of Fingon, but Christopher Tolkien finishes his essay in The Peoples of Middle-earth by noting:

Much closer analysis of the admittedly extremely complex material than I had made twenty years ago makes it clear that Gil-galad as the son of Fingon was an ephemeral idea.

^{History of Middle-earth XII The Peoples of Middle-earth Chapter 11: "The Shibboleth of Fëanor" The Parentage of Gil-galad}

Then again, maybe Tolkien would have changed his mind again in a few more years, or maybe he'd already changed his mind but couldn't write it down before he died (or he did write it down, and the note hasn't been discovered yet).

In the end, it's only as canon as you think it is.

Answer 2

According to all the canons, although Christopher considered himself wrong, but the version in which Gil-Galad is the son of Fingon is the most convincing. We do not know the exact time of his birth, but we do know that at the time of Fingolfin's death and Fingon's proclamation as the high king of the Noldor in 455 from Sunrise, Gil-Galad was a small (!) boy who, along with his mother, was sent away from the war in the Harbor of Sirion. That is, no more than 10 years by human standards. Translated into the Elvish physiology of growing up - he is no more than 30 years old. That is, Ereinion was born no earlier than 425. At the time of Fingon's death in 472, Gil-Gelad was 57 years old. Something about 19 years old by human standards. None of the princes of the Noldor would not agree to the election of a young man as High King during a permanent war. By right of seniority (as was customary with many European monarchs), the throne passed not to the direct heir, but to the younger brother of the deceased monarch. However, it is quite possible that Turgon assumed royal dignity only before the official majority of Ereinion. However, there is no point in considering this issue, since Gil-Galad became the Supreme King very young by the standards of the elves - at 85 years old. But! If he had been from the Third House of Finarfin, and not from the Second- Fingolfin-his coronation was very unlikely to be legalized so easily. His right could easily be challenged by Elrond and Celebrimbor, representatives of the older Houses of the Noldor.